Friday, October 9, 2015

Book of Mormon Hang-ups & Speed Bumps: The Ancient American Elephant & Horse Dilemma

Dates We All Know

In the Book of Mormon, one of the accounts given is of a people that had dwelled in America long before Lehi's 590 B.C. arrival. It is presented in an abridged form as the Book of Ether. It chronicles this people from "the great tower" down to the time their civilization had been destroyed due to their wickedness. Almost all Mormons have assumed the "great tower" referred to is the "Tower of Babel" of Genesis 11. And every Mormon who ever attended LDS seminary knows that the Great Flood happened around 2300 B.C., the Tower of Babel about a hundred years later, and that this was when the Jaredites departed for America, as the LDS Church has depicted here:



But these dates are not peculiar to Mormon belief--they are commonly believed by Christians throughout the world today.

Take these "commonly accepted" dates for the Jaredites being in America and toss in a few of the brief mentions in their abridged record in the Book of Mormon:
"And they also had horses, and asses, and there were elephants and cureloms and cumoms; all of which were useful unto man, and more especially the elephants and cureloms and cumoms." Ether 9:19
Suddenly you have the Book of Mormon claiming the impossible according to virtually all modern scholars. (not that scholars can never be wrong, of course) "There just plain were not horses or elephants in the Americas by 2200 B.C.!" There are other similar apparent anachronisms among the Jaredites that have been similarly adjudicated. Therefore, they say, Joe Smith is a fraud and his Gold Bible is a hoax. And all of Mormonism with it. And all those now so convinced & newly awakened to this glaring Book of Mormon Jaredite anachronism exit stage left.

But is our underlying chronological assumption correct?

Numeric Words in English

Before we look at another verse taken from the Book of Mormon related to its chronology (and Biblical chronology in general), let's take a look at some words in English that have numeric quantities associated with them. Ask yourself how many apples you would say someone might have if they were to use these English words:
  • A couple: 2? 3?
  • A few: 3-5?
  • Several: 4-7?
  • A bunch: 6-10?
  • Quite a few: More than a bunch?
  • Many: 20? 50? Or more?
What about in this verse of the Book of Mormon:
"Yea, and behold I say unto you, that Abraham not only knew of these things, but there were many before the days of Abraham who were called by the order of God; yea, even after the order of his Son; and this that it should be shown unto the people, a great many thousand years before his coming, that even redemption should come unto them." Helaman 8:18
How many would "a great many" be? What do you think? How about four? Is "four" a great many? According to scholars the number of thousands of years from Adam and Eve to the birth of Jesus can be no more than four thousand. (take a look at the chronology above to check again)

But the Book of Mormon claims otherwise. What if a "great many thousand years" were as many as 100,000 years? Or 2,000,000 years? That is, what if the Jaredites, according to the Book of Mormon, had come "a great many thousand years" before modern Mormons believe? Could there be any evidence of horses or elephants in such a timeframe?

Absolutely. Although modern science wouldn't use the same terms. You'd hear them called Equus curvidens, Equus americanus, and mammut (or mastodons). These were the American horses and elephants of the Pleistocene, which ended about 10,000 years ago. I have hiked to and seen with my own eyes petroglyphs near Moab, Utah, that depict mastodons (elephants).

So, could the number ten be considered a "great many"? Did the Jaredites live through & survive the Pleistocene? Or could "cureloms" and "cumoms" refer to other extinct megafauna of the Pleistocene which didn't make it to light in time to be registered in the 1828 Websters Dictionary? Or what if Adam and Eve, according to the Book of Mormon, could have lived hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago? Or what about the "flood" "in the days of Noah" described in the Bible and referenced in the Book of Mormon? How long ago could that have happened? Could the Book of Mormon claim allow it to have been even as far back as the K-T extinction? (I.e., could 65,000 be considered a "great many"?) Could it be that our scriptural chronological assumptions have been massively screwed up? And that man could have been around, as scientists already argue, much, much, much longer than Bible believers have allowed?

Perhaps we should evaluate the book more based on its own claims rather than the claims of scholars and long-held traditions of men.

And once we can get ourselves past hang-ups and speed bumps like these, perhaps we should begin to consider what the book is really trying to say rather than what you've been told it says. Set aside the continual arguing over whether or not it could be an actual record. Set aside all traditions you've been handed about it and read it for what it says.

Because, what if its message were also not exactly what you've always been told by modern  Mormonism?

Update:
As boo pointed out in comments below, the fact that these supposed elephant, horse, and other anachronisms among the Jaredites could be accounted for if we re-evaluate the timeline, does not eliminate the need for readers bothered by such things to consider the few other scattered references to horses in the Book of Mormon. (Sorry, no other elephants, cureloms, or cumoms.) However, while that reader is wrestling with these, as I noted below, it's interesting to consider where you would expect horses to be referred to among a people having them. Consider the Native Americans who later picked up horses from the Spaniards, how it dramatically changed their lifestyle and culture, and how extensively they used them for riding (conveyance) and in war. These activities are curiously entirely absent from the Book of Mormon despite much description of many wars and lots and lots of travel by foot. And Lamoni's horses are implied to have only pulled his "chariots". Happy hunting!

Saturday, January 3, 2015

Why Some Are No Longer Able to Sustain the Brethren


D&C 76 for Study

Hear, O ye heavens! and
Give ear, O earth!
And Rejoice ye inhabitants thereof!
For the Lord is God!
and beside Him there is no Savior!
Great is his wisdom!
Marvelous are his ways!
And the extent of his doings none can find out!
His purposes fail not!
neither are there any who can stay his hand!
From eternity to eternity he is the same!
and His years never fail!
 
For thus saith the Lord—
I, the Lord, am merciful and gracious unto those who fear Me,
and delight to honor those who serve me
in righteousness and in truth unto the end.
Great shall be their reward
and Eternal shall be their glory!
And to them will I reveal all mysteries,
yea, all the hidden mysteries of my kingdom
from days of old,
and for ages to come,
will I make known unto them the good pleasure of my will
concerning all things pertaining to my kingdom.
Yea, even the wonders of eternity shall they know,
and things to come will I show them,
even the things of many generations.
And their wisdom shall be great,
and their understanding reach to heaven;
and before them the wisdom of the wise shall perish,
and the understanding of the prudent shall come to naught.
For by my Spirit will I enlighten them,
and by my power will I make known unto them the secrets of my will—
yea, even those things
which eye has not seen,
nor ear heard,
nor yet entered into the heart of man.
 
We, Joseph Smith, Jun., and Sidney Rigdon, being in the Spirit on the sixteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two—by the power of the Spirit our eyes were opened and our understandings were enlightened, so as to see and understand the things of God—even those things which were from the beginning before the world was, which were ordained of the Father, through his Only Begotten Son, who was in the bosom of the Father, even from the beginning; of whom we bear record; and the record which we bear is the fulness of the gospel of Jesus Christ, who is the Son,
Whom we saw
and with Whom we conversed in the heavenly vision.
For while we were doing the work of translation, which the Lord had appointed unto us, we came to the twenty-ninth verse of the fifth chapter of John (John 5:29), which was given unto us as follows—speaking of the resurrection of the dead, concerning those who shall hear the voice of the Son of Man:
And shall come forth;
they who have done good, in the resurrection of the just;
and they who have done evil, in the resurrection of the unjust.
Now this caused us to marvel, for it was given unto us of the Spirit.
And while we meditated upon these things,
the Lord touched the eyes of our understandings and they were opened,
and the glory of the Lord shone round about.
And we beheld
the glory of the Son, on the right hand of the Father,
and received of His fulness;
and saw the holy angels,
and them who are sanctified before his throne,
worshiping God, and the Lamb,
who worship him forever and ever.
And now, after the many testimonies which have been given of Him,
this is the testimony, last of all, which we give of Him: That He lives!
For we saw Him, even on the right hand of God;
and we heard the voice bearing record that He is the Only Begotten of the Father—
That by Him, and through Him, and of Him, the worlds are and were created,
and the inhabitants thereof are begotten sons and daughters unto God.
 
[Perdition & his sons]
And this we saw also, and bear record, that:
An angel of God who was in authority in the presence of God,
who rebelled against the Only Begotten Son
whom the Father loved and
who was in the bosom of the Father,
was thrust down from the presence of God and the Son,
and was called Perdition,
for the heavens wept over him—
he was Lucifer, a son of the morning!
And we beheld, and lo, he is fallen!
Is fallen, even a son of the morning!
 
And while we were yet in the Spirit, the Lord commanded us that we should write the vision;
for we beheld Satan, that old serpent, even the devil,
who rebelled against God,
and sought to take the kingdom of our God and his Christ—
Wherefore, he maketh war with the saints of God,
and encompasseth them round about.
And we saw a vision of the sufferings of those with whom he made war and overcame,
for thus came the voice of the Lord unto us:
 
Thus saith the Lord concerning all those who know my power,
and have been made partakers thereof,
and suffered themselves through the power of the devil to be overcome,
and to deny the truth and defy my power—
They are they who are the sons of perdition,
of whom I say that it had been better for them never to have been born;
For they are vessels of wrath,
doomed to suffer the wrath of God,
with the devil and his angels in eternity;
Concerning whom I have said
there is no forgiveness in this world
nor in the world to come—
Having denied the Holy Spirit after having received it, and
having denied the Only Begotten Son of the Father,
having crucified him unto themselves
and put him to an open shame.
These are they who shall go away
into the lake of fire and brimstone,
with the devil and his angels—
And the only ones on whom the second death shall have any power;
Yea, verily, the only ones who shall not be redeemed in the due time of the Lord,
after the sufferings of his wrath.
 
For all the rest shall be brought forth by the resurrection of the dead,
Through the triumph and the glory of the Lamb,
who was slain,
who was in the bosom of the Father before the worlds were made.
And this is the Gospel, the Glad Tidings,
which the voice out of the heavens bore record unto us—
That He came into the world, even Jesus,
to be crucified for the world, and
to bear the sins of the world, and
to sanctify the world, and
to cleanse it from all unrighteousness;
That through him
all might be saved
whom the Father had put into His power and made by Him;
Who glorifies the Father,
and saves all the works of his hands,
except those sons of perdition
who deny the Son after the Father has revealed him.
Wherefore, He saves all except them
—they shall go away into everlasting punishment,
which is endless punishment,
which is eternal punishment,
to reign with the devil and his angels in eternity,
where their worm dieth not,
and the fire is not quenched,
which is their torment—
And the end thereof,
neither the place thereof,
nor their torment,
no man knows;
Neither was it revealed,
neither is,
neither will be revealed unto man,
except to them who are made partakers thereof;
Nevertheless, I, the Lord, show it by vision unto many,
but straightway shut it up again;
Wherefore,
the end,
the width,
the height,
the depth,
and the misery thereof,
they understand not,
neither any man except those who are ordained unto this condemnation.
 
And we heard the voice, saying: Write the vision, for lo, this is the end of the vision of the sufferings of the ungodly.
 
[Resurrection of the Just & Celestial Glory]
And again we bear record—for we saw and heard.
And this is the testimony of the gospel of Christ
    concerning them who shall come forth in the Resurrection of the Just
They are they who received the testimony of Jesus,
    and believed on His name
    and were baptized after the manner of His burial,
        being buried in the water in His name,
        and this according to the commandment which He has given—
That by keeping the commandments they might
    be washed and cleansed from all their sins, and
    receive the Holy Spirit by the laying on of the hands
        of him who is ordained and sealed unto this power;
And who overcome by faith,
And are sealed by the Holy Spirit of promise,
    which the Father sheds forth upon all those who are just and true.
They are they who are the Church of the Firstborn.
They are they into whose hands the Father has given All Things—
They are they who are priests and kings,
    who have received of his fulness,
    and of his glory;
And are priests of the Most High,
    after the order of Melchizedek,
    which was after the order of Enoch,
    which was after the order of the Only Begotten Son.
Wherefore, as it is written, they are gods,
    even the sons of God—
Wherefore, all things are theirs,
    whether life or death,
    or things present,
    or things to come,
All are theirs
    and they are Christ’s,
    and Christ is God’s.
And they shall overcome all things.
Wherefore, let no man glory in man,
    but rather let him glory in God,
    who shall subdue all enemies under his feet.
These shall dwell in the presence of God and his Christ forever and ever.
These are they whom He shall bring with Him,
    when He shall come in the clouds of heaven
    to reign on the earth over his people.
These are they who shall have part in the First Resurrection.
These are they who shall come forth in the Resurrection of the Just.
These are they who are come unto Mount Zion, and
    unto the City of the Living God,
    the Heavenly Place,
    the holiest of all.
These are they who have come to an innumerable company of angels,
    to the general assembly and Church of Enoch, and of the Firstborn.
These are they whose names are written in heaven,
    where God and Christ are the judge of all.
These are they who are just men made perfect
    through Jesus the Mediator of the New Covenant,
        who wrought out this perfect atonement through the shedding of His own blood.
These are they whose bodies are celestial,
    whose glory is that of the sun,
    even the glory of God, the highest of all,
    whose glory the sun of the firmament is written of as being typical.
 
[Terrestrial Glory]
And again, we saw the terrestrial world,
and behold and lo, these are they who are of the terrestrial,
whose glory differs from that of the church of the Firstborn
who have received the fulness of the Father, even as that of the moon differs from the sun in the firmament.
Behold, these are they who died without law;
And also they who are the spirits of men kept in prison,
whom the Son visited,
and preached the gospel unto them,
that they might be judged according to men in the flesh;
Who received not the testimony of Jesus in the flesh,
but afterwards received it.
These are they who are honorable men of the earth,
who were blinded by the craftiness of men.
These are they who receive of his glory,
but not of his fulness.
These are they who receive of the presence of the Son,
but not of the fulness of the Father.
Wherefore, they are bodies terrestrial,
and not bodies celestial,
and differ in glory as the moon differs from the sun.
These are they who are not valiant in the testimony of Jesus;
wherefore, they obtain not the crown over the kingdom of our God.
And now this is the end of the vision which we saw of the terrestrial,
that the Lord commanded us to write while we were yet in the Spirit.
 
[Telestial Glory]
And again, we saw the glory of the telestial,
which glory is that of the lesser,
even as the glory of the stars differs from that of the glory of the moon in the firmament.
These are they who received not the gospel of Christ,
neither the testimony of Jesus.
These are they who deny not the Holy Spirit.
These are they who are thrust down to hell.
These are they who shall not be redeemed from the devil
until the last resurrection,
until the Lord, even Christ the Lamb, shall have finished his work.
These are they who receive not of his fulness in the eternal world,
but of the Holy Spirit through the ministration of the terrestrial;
And the terrestrial through the ministration of the celestial.
And also the telestial receive it of the administering of angels
who are appointed to minister for them, or
who are appointed to be ministering spirits for them;
for they shall be heirs of salvation.
And thus we saw, in the heavenly vision, the glory of the telestial, which surpasses all understanding;
And no man knows it except him to whom God has revealed it.
 
And thus we saw the glory of the terrestrial
which excels in all things the glory of the telestial,
even in glory, and
in power, and
in might, and
in dominion.
 
And thus we saw the glory of the celestial,
which excels in all things—
where God, even the Father, reigns upon his throne forever and ever;
Before whose throne all things bow in humble reverence,
and give him glory forever and ever.
They who dwell in his presence are the church of the Firstborn;
and they see as they are seen,
and know as they are known,
having received of his fulness and of his grace;
And he makes them equal in power,
and in might,
and in dominion.
And the glory of the celestial is one,
even as the glory of the sun is one.
 
And the glory of the terrestrial is one,
even as the glory of the moon is one.
 
And the glory of the telestial is one,
even as the glory of the stars is one;
for as one star differs from another star in glory,
even so differs one from another in glory in the telestial world;
For these are they who are of Paul,
and of Apollos,
and of Cephas.
These are they who say they are some of one and some of another—
some of Christ and
some of John, and
some of Moses, and
some of Elias, and
some of Esaias, and
some of Isaiah, and
some of Enoch;
But received not the gospel,
neither the testimony of Jesus,
neither the prophets,
neither the everlasting covenant.
Last of all, these all are they who will not be gathered with the saints,
to be caught up unto the church of the Firstborn,
and received into the cloud.
These are they who are liars,
and sorcerers,
and adulterers,
and whoremongers,
and whosoever loves and makes a lie.
These are they who suffer the wrath of God on earth.
These are they who suffer the vengeance of eternal fire.
These are they who are cast down to hell
and suffer the wrath of Almighty God,
until the fulness of times,
when Christ shall have subdued all enemies under his feet,
and shall have perfected his work;
When he shall deliver up the kingdom,
and present it unto the Father, spotless, saying:
"I have overcome and have trodden the wine-press alone,
even the wine-press of the fierceness of the wrath of Almighty God."
Then shall He be crowned with the crown of his glory,
to sit on the throne of his power
to reign forever and ever.
But behold, and lo, we saw the glory and the inhabitants of the telestial world,
that they were as innumerable as the stars in the firmament of heaven,
or as the sand upon the seashore;
And heard the voice of the Lord saying:
These all shall bow the knee,
and every tongue shall confess
to Him who sits upon the throne forever and ever;
For they shall be judged according to their works,
and every man shall receive according to his own works, his own dominion,
in the mansions which are prepared;
And they shall be servants of the Most High;
but where God and Christ dwell they cannot come, worlds without end.
 
This is the end of the vision which we saw, which we were commanded to write while we were yet in the Spirit.
 
But great and marvelous are the works of the Lord, and the mysteries of his kingdom which he showed unto us,
which surpass all understanding in glory, and in might, and in dominion;
Which he commanded us we should not write while we were yet in the Spirit,
and are not lawful for man to utter;
Neither is man capable to make them known,
for they are only to be seen and understood by the power of the Holy Spirit,
which God bestows on those who love him,
and purify themselves before him;
To whom he grants this privilege of seeing and knowing for themselves;
That through the power and manifestation of the Spirit,
while in the flesh,
they may be able to bear his presence in the world of glory.
 
And to God and the Lamb be glory, and honor, and dominion forever and ever. Amen.

Correlated "Doctrine of Christ"

Sometimes it helps to see satire juxtaposed to fully appreciate it. This frames our "awful situation" and folly so squarely and so revealingly. (authored by a friend)

Modern LDS Correlated version
of 2 Nephi 31:12-21
2 Nephi 31:12-21
And the voice of the Brethren came unto me, saying: He that is baptized in Christ's name, to him will the Father give the prophet; wherefore follow us, and do the things which ye have heard us do.

Wherefore, my beloved brethren, I know that if ye shall follow the prophet, with full purpose of heart, acting no apostasy and no deception before God, but with real intent, repenting of your sins, witnessing unto the bishop that ye are willing to take upon you the name of Mormon by baptism- yea, by following your Lord and Savior down into the water, according to his word, behold, then shall ye receive the conference; yea, then cometh the warm fuzzies; and then can ye speak with the words of the living prophets, and shout praises to the Presiding High Priest of Israel.


But behold, my beloved brethren, thus came the voice of the Brethren unto me, saying: After ye have confessed your sins, and witnessed unto the prophet in an oath-like gesture that ye are willing to keep his commandments, by the baptism of water, and have received the conference talks, and can speak with new quotes, even the quotes of the brethren, and after this should deny us, it would have been better for you that ye had not known us.

And I heard a voice from the Prophet, saying: Yea, the words of the brethren are true and faithful. He that endureth to the end, the same shall be saved.

And now, my beloved saints, I know by this that unless man shall endure to the end, in following the words of the prophet of the living church, he cannot be saved.

Wherefore, do the things which I have told you I have seen your prophet and president do; for, for this cause have they been shown unto me, that ye might know the gate by which ye should enter, For the gate by which you should enter is repentance and baptism by water, then cometh a remission of your sins by confession and approval of the bishop.

And then are ye in this strait and narrow path, which leads to the eternal life; yea, ye have entered by the gate; ye have done according to the commandments of the prophet and the brethren, which witness of each other, unto the fulfilling of the promise which they have made, that they cannot lead you astray.


And now my beloved saints, after ye have gotten into this strait and narrow path, I would ask if all is done? Behold, I say unto you, Nay; for ye have not come thus far save it were by the word of the prophet with unshaken faith in him, relying wholly upon the merits of him who is mighty to lead.

Wherefore, ye must press forward with a steadfastness in correlated doctrine, having a perfect brightness of confidence, and a love of God and all the brethren. Wherefore, if ye shall press forward, feasting upon the word of the brethren, and endure to the end, behold, thus saith the prophet: Ye shall have eternal life.

And now, behold, my beloved saints, this is the way; and there is none other way nor name given under heaven whereby man can be saved in the kingdom of God. And now, behold, this is the doctrine of the prophet, and the only and true doctrine of the first presidency, and of the prophet, and of the holy apostles, which is one leadership, without end. Amen
And also, the voice of the Son came unto me, saying: He that is baptized in my name, to him will the Father give the Holy Ghost, like unto me; wherefore, follow me, and do the things which ye have seen me do.

Wherefore, my beloved brethren, I know that if ye shall follow the Son, with full purpose of heart, acting no hypocrisy and no deception before God, but with real intent, repenting of your sins, witnessing unto the Father that ye are willing to take upon you the name of Christ, by baptism—yea, by following your Lord and your Savior down into the water, according to his word, behold, then shall ye receive the Holy Ghost; yea, then cometh the baptism of fire and of the Holy Ghost; and then can ye speak with the tongue of angels, and shout praises unto the Holy One of Israel.

But, behold, my beloved brethren, thus came the voice of the Son unto me, saying: After ye have repented of your sins, and witnessed unto the Father that ye are willing to keep my commandments, by the baptism of water, and have received the baptism of fire and of the Holy Ghost, and can speak with a new tongue, yea, even with the tongue of angels, and after this should deny me, it would have been better for you that ye had not known me.

And I heard a voice from the Father, saying: Yea, the words of my Beloved are true and faithful. He that endureth to the end, the same shall be saved.

And now, my beloved brethren, I know by this that unless a man shall endure to the end, in following the example of the Son of the living God, he cannot be saved.

Wherefore, do the things which I have told you I have seen that your Lord and your Redeemer should do; for, for this cause have they been shown unto me, that ye might know the gate by which ye should enter. For the gate by which ye should enter is repentance and baptism by water; and then cometh a remission of your sins by fire and by the Holy Ghost.

And then are ye in this strait and narrow path which leads to eternal life; yea, ye have entered in by the gate; ye have done according to the commandments of the Father and the Son; and ye have received the Holy Ghost, which witnesses of the Father and the Son, unto the fulfilling of the promise which he hath made, that if ye entered in by the way ye should receive.

And now, my beloved brethren, after ye have gotten into this strait and narrow path, I would ask if all is done? Behold, I say unto you, Nay; for ye have not come thus far save it were by the word of Christ with unshaken faith in him, relying wholly upon the merits of him who is mighty to save.

Wherefore, ye must press forward with a steadfastness in Christ, having a perfect brightness of hope, and a love of God and of all men. Wherefore, if ye shall press forward, feasting upon the word of Christ, and endure to the end, behold, thus saith the Father: Ye shall have eternal life.

And now, behold, my beloved brethren, this is the way; and there is none other way nor name given under heaven whereby man can be saved in the kingdom of God. And now, behold, this is the doctrine of Christ, and the only and true doctrine of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, which is one God, without end. Amen.